初中英语语法

一、及物动词 vt 带宾语。如咬苹果 bite an apply

不及物动词用法 vi 后不带宾语。如跳舞 dance 后面无宾语。

二、1.主语从句

1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：

*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...

*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...

*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...

*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...

It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.

It seems that the performance is very useful.

2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。

What we lack is experience.

3)what,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。

How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.

I did know why I felt like crying.

2.宾语从句

1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。

*I promised that I would change the situation.

*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.

*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.

*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.

2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。

He has made it clear that he would not change his mind.

3)在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。

He didn't think that the money was well spent.

3.表语从句

表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外，还可由because,as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.

Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.

The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.

It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.

4.同位语从句

同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。

She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.

I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.

The news came that their team had won the championship.

5.定语从句

定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

*限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。

The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.

Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.

The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.

1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。

That is all that I've heard from him.

He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.

2)关系代词的省略

在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。

This is one of those things with which we have to put up.

This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。

Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.

No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.

*非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。

Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism.

*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句

“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。

This is the computer on which he spent all his savings

It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

*as引导的定语从句

as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。

These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)

As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

6.状语从句

*时间状语从句

引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：

1）when,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。

We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.

2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等。

As soon as I sent an e-mail message,I received positive responses.

The moment he heard the good news,he jumped with joy.

*地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.

Wherever she went,she took her little daughter with her.

*原因、结果和目的状语从句

1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeing that,considering that,in that等。

Considering that he is a freshman,we must say he is doing well.

2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that,such...that,so that,that,so等。

Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.

3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that,in order that,for fear that,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。

We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.

*条件和让步状语从句

1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。

As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.

2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。

No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind.

Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)

Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)

*方式状语从句

引导方式状语从句的连词有as,just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。

The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.

Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.

三、1. 当make的意思是“做、制造、制作”时，常用的句型是：

(1) make sth. (to do sth.) 意为“制造某物”。例如：

She can make kites. 她会制作风筝。

(2) make sb. sth. / make sth. for sb. 意为“为某人制作某物”。例如：

His mother made him a beautiful coat. / His mother made a beautiful coat for him. 他的母亲为他缝制了一件漂亮的外衣。

(3) 被动语态中常用be made of / from, be made in, be made by等短语来表示“……是由……制成的”，“……是在……制成的”和“……是被……制成的”。例如：

Wine is made from grapes. 酒是由葡萄酿制成的。

These cars were made in Changchun. 这些汽车是在长春制造的。

2. 当make的意思是“使、使得”时，一般用于“make + 宾语 + 宾补”这种结构，常用的句型是：

(1) make + sb. / sth. + adj. 意为“使某人或某物处于某种状态”。例如：

The news made him happy. 这个消息使他很高兴。

在此句型中，通常用it作形式宾语，而动词不定式或从句才是真正的宾语，而且要后置。例如：

Computers make it easier to learn English. 电脑使英语学习更加容易。

当然，除了接形容词作宾补外，还可以接名词、动词的过去分词等作宾补。例如：

They all want to make Jim their monitor. （名词）他们都想让吉姆当班长。

I spoke loudly in order to make my voice heard.（过去分词）我大声地讲话，以便让别人听到。

(2) make + sb. / sth. + 省略to的动词不定式, 意为“使某人或某物做某事”。例如：

Our English teacher often makes us retell the texts. 我们的英语老师经常让我们复述课文。

当把这样的句子变为被动语态时，原句中省略的动词不定式符号to必须要还原。如把上面的句子变为被动语态，应为：

We are often made to retell the texts (by our English teacher).

3. make还可以构成大量短语：

make a decision (下决定) , make a face / faces （做鬼脸）, make friends with （与……交友）, make progress (取得进步)，make sure （确信、弄清楚）, make up one's mind （下决心）等。

巩固精练：

1. This year has _________ World Year of Physics _________ Albert Einstein, the father of modern physics. (2005年山东临沂)

A. made, remember B. made, to remember

C. been made, remember

D. been made, to remember

2. In recent years, many children are made _________ what they are not _________. (2005年山东济宁)

A. to do, interested in B. to do, interested

C. do, interested D. do, interested in

3. We must make _________ clear to every student that English is _________ great use. (2005年山东烟台)

A. that；不填 B. it；不填

C. 不填；of D. it； of

参考答案：1—3 DAD

这是我整理的，希望对你有帮助。。。

初中英语一般现在时知识点

初中英语语法should的用法知识点

　should的用法：

　should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not.

　例如：I think you should eat less junk food.

　我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。

　She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot.

　她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。

　Students shouldn’t spend too much time playing computer games.

　学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。

　学习向别人提建议的几种句式：

　(1)I think you should…

　(2)Well, you could…

　(3)Maybe you should …

　(4)Why don’t you…?

　(5)What about doing sth.?

　(6)You’d better do sth.

　练一练

　用should或shouldn’t填空

　1. I can’t sleep the night before exams.

　You ______ take a warm shower before you go to bed.

　2. Good friends ______ argue each other.

　3. There is little milk in the glass. We _______ buy some.

　4. They didn’t invite you? Maybe you ______ be friendlier.

　5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _______ do exercises every day.

　答案：1. should 2. shouldn’t 3. should 4. should 5. should

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　中小学英语语法基础，初中英语一般现在时知识点。初中英语语法一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，或表示现在的特征或状态。那么，英语一般现在时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?下面是我为您收集整理的初中英语一般现在时知识点，供大家参考!

　初中英语一般现在时知识点

　其动词形式是：动词原形(只有第三人称单数作主语时除外，要加-s)其疑问句和否定句需要用助动词do或does

　1) 肯定句用行为动词原形表示

　They get up very early every morning. 他们每天早晨起来很早。

　I visit my grandparents four times a month. 我一个月去看望祖父母四次。

　2) 否定句用don?t + 动词原形来表示

　We do not go shopping on Sundays. 我们周日不去购物。

　I don?t think you like this colour. 我想你不喜欢这个颜色。

　3) 一般疑问句则是把助动词do提前至句首，后面动词用原形。回答时，肯定用 ?Yes, 主语+do?;否定句用 ?No, 主语+don?t?。

　?Do they go to school at seven o?clock? 他们七点去上学吗?

　--Yes, they do.

　--Do you like this skirt? 你喜欢这条裙子吗?

　--No, I don?t. 不，我不喜欢。

　一般现在时用来表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与以下的时间状语连用：often 经常，always 总是，sometimes 有时，usually 通常，every day/ week 每天/ 周等。

　He usually goes to school by bike. 通常他骑车上学。

　I visit my grandparents every week. 我每个星期都去看祖父母。

　She is always late for class. 她总是上课迟到。

　My parents and I sometimes go out to eat. 我和父母有时出去吃饭。

　It often rains here. 这儿常常下雨。

　主语为第三人称单数时的一般现在时

　一般现在时态，当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词也要是第三人称单数，后要加-s或-es。

　He likes reading at night. 他喜欢夜里读书。

　She usually goes to school by bike. 她平时骑车上学。

　The little cat drinks milk every day. 小猫每天都喝牛奶。

　转换成否定句要加doesn?t，其后的动词用原形。

　Kelly doesn?t get up early on Saturdays and Sundays. 凯丽星期六星期天起床不早。

　He doesn?t feel well today. 他今天感觉不舒服。

　转换成一般疑问句，句首用Does，其后的动词用原形。

　Does he have lunch at school? 他在学校吃午饭吗?

　Does it take long by train? 乘火车要很长时间吗?

　初中英语必考的时态

　一般现在时的结构、用法。初中英语语法一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。那么，英语一般过去时的句子结构和语法特点是怎样的呢?

　一、定义

　一般过去时常与过去时间yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before ?, when ? clause, in the past连用。

　如：What did you do yesterday? 昨天你干了什么?

　I met Lin Tao this morning. 今天上午我会到了林涛。

　I was there a moment ago. 刚才我在那儿

　二、用法说明

　1表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等连用。

　如：He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。

　What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?

　2在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。

　如：We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。

　注：表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。

　如：He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn?t now. 他过去经常抽烟，但现在不抽了。

　Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难，他都会帮助我们。